Research on microbial fermented protein feed shows that it can reduce costs, regulate animal intesti

Abstract: This paper summarizes the types, application status and beneficial effects of microbial fermented protein feed, in order to provide reference for the application of protein feed in aquaculture. China is short of feed resources, especially protein feed. According to the different sources of protein feed, it can be divided into plant protein feed, animal protein feed, single cell protein feed and non protein nitrogen feed. The raw materials of plant protein feed are mainly soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, peanut meal, alfalfa, corn protein powder, which is the by-product of corn processing, and other herbal feeds. The raw materials of animal protein feed are fish meal, meat and bone meal Feather powder, etc. unicellular protein feed is a feed with high protein content composed of unicellular organisms, such as yeast feed and unicellular algae feed. Non protein nitrogen feed generally refers to feed urea, etc. The lack of feed protein resources and the low utilization rate of bulk non grain protein resources in China have restricted the modernization process of animal husbandry. The long-term dependence on imports of soybean meal, the main protein feed raw materials, has become a bottleneck restricting the development of China's feed industry and animal husbandry. With the continuous increase of China's import of protein feed raw materials, the innovation of protein feed raw materials to ensure the healthy development of animal husbandry has become an important challenge for the breeding industry, Looking for and developing new protein resources has become an urgent problem to be solved in the feed industry. With the rapid development of the feed industry, the feed is also gradually developing towards a low drug and low residue trend. The development of biological fermented protein feed shows a vitality. Microbial fermented protein feed can decompose the macromolecular substances and nutrients in the feed into small molecules and peptides that are easy to digest, absorb and use, The increase of soluble protein increases the digestibility and utilization rate of protein, effectively degrades anti nutritional factors, improves the nutritional level and utilization efficiency of protein feed, indirectly increases the supply of high-quality protein, alleviates the insufficient supply of protein feed raw materials, and improves the productivity of animals. 1. Strains for microbial fermented protein feed the selection of strains is the key and a very important factor in the production of microbial fermented protein feed. According to the requirements of the feed management specifications of the Ministry of rural agriculture of China, the microbial strains that are allowed to be used in the announcement of the catalogue of feed additive varieties (2013) of the Ministry of rural agriculture of China should be selected. According to China's management system, the strains outside the catalogue have safety risks, and they are all prohibited to be used in bioprotein feeds. The commonly used strains are Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lactic acid bacteria, etc, The fermentation raw materials are those specified in the announcement of the catalogue of feed raw materials (2012) issued by the Ministry of rural agriculture of China. Bacillus subtilis: Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive bacteria, aerobic bacteria, can form endospores, has strong heat resistance, has strong stress resistance, and can produce a variety of enzymes, such as amylase, protease, cellulase, etc., which can promote the growth of animals. Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to eukaryotes, and its cells are mostly circular or oval. It sprouts and reproduces. It can be used as feed yeast with high protein content. During the fermentation process with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the strain, it produces a variety of small peptides, digestive enzymes, group B vitamins and a variety of unknown growth factors. These substances can promote the growth of probiotics, regulate intestinal flora, and effectively improve feed utilization and animal production performance. Lactic acid bacteria: a kind of spore free, Gram-positive bacteria that can ferment sugars to produce lactic acid. Lactic acid bacteria in the field produce lactic acid and other beneficial substances to promote animal intestinal health, promote protein absorption, enhance body immunity and promote animal growth. 2. Fermented soybean meal from vegetable fermented protein feed: soybean meal is a by-product obtained from soybean oil extraction. It is a protein raw material with the largest consumption in feed. It is also an ideal animal protein feed raw material. It is rich in nutrients, with crude protein of more than 45% and amino acid balance, but it contains anti trypsin, soybean antigen protein and other anti nutritional factors. Microbial fermented soybean meal uses modern microbial fermentation technology, using yeast Probiotics such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria ferment soybean meal, degrade the protein in soybean meal into small peptides and small molecular proteins, and decompose the anti nutritional factors into antigen-free high-quality proteins, which effectively reduces the antigenicity. In addition, a large number of lactic acid, probiotics, unknown growth factors, etc. will be produced during the fermentation process, which is conducive to the digestion and absorption of animals and improve the feeding value of soybean meal, Fermented soybean meal is considered as an ideal protein for young animals. Fermented soybean meal helps to improve the flavor of soybean meal, degrade anti nutritional factors, and increase the digestion and absorption rate of nutrients by animals. Ma Wenqiang and others studied the nutritional characteristics of microbial fermented soybean meal. Through the fermentation of soybean meal by Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria, the results showed that after fermentation, the crude protein increased by 13.48%, the amino acid content increased by 11.49%, and the phosphorus content increased by 55.56%. The content of high molecular protein in fermented soybean meal decreased by 75.57% compared with that before fermentation, and the content of medium molecular protein decreased by 86.77%, The content of low molecular protein was 2.25 times higher than that before fermentation, and the anti trypsin inhibitor and other anti nutritional factors were completely eliminated, so a higher quality protein feed was obtained; He Yongjin found that when using Rhodotorula glutinosa to ferment soybean meal powder, the content of small peptides in the fermentation broth reached 56.96%, which was 2% higher than that before optimization. 73 times. Wang Jinbin and other mixed bacteria solid-state fermentation of soybean meal to produce high-quality protein feed research found that the use of Bacillus subtilis and Candida tropicalis for mixed fermentation of soybean meal, it was found that the crude protein and true protein of soybean meal were significantly increased after fermentation. Chen Guoguo et al. Studied the effect of fermented soybean meal on the intestinal flora and the content of N and s in feces of laying hens. It was found that fermented soybean meal could reduce the concentration of NH3 and H2S in the chicken house and improve the breeding environment. Wen Aiyou et al. Studied the effects of fermented soybean meal on the growth, intestinal microflora and diarrhea of early weaned piglets. Fermented soybean meal was fed instead of ordinary soybean meal. The average daily gain, feed to weight ratio and estimated daily intake of piglets in the experimental group were improved with the increase of the dose of fermented soybean meal, the diarrhea rate was significantly reduced, and the number of Escherichia coli in the intestine of piglets decreased to a certain extent compared with the control group, The number of Lactobacillus showed an increasing trend. Fermented soybean meal can be used as a high-quality protein feed to replace fish meal. Chen Meisong et al. Conducted an experiment on the impact of using fermented soybean meal to replace fish meal on the productivity and intestinal bacteria of weaned piglets. The results showed that fermented soybean meal can be used as the main feed for weaned piglets, and can also be used instead of fish meal. Fermented soybean meal has a certain effect of inhibiting Escherichia coli, reducing the diarrhea rate, and increasing the yield of lactic acid bacteria, It plays a positive role in promoting the productivity of weaned piglets. Fermented cottonseed meal: cottonseed meal is a product obtained from cottonseed after leaching and degreasing. The crude protein content is as high as 33% - 43%. The protein composition of cottonseed meal is not ideal, the utilization rate is low, and it contains gossypol, which is harmful to animals. The study on the metabolites of protein feed fermented by cottonseed meal source by Candida Nie Cunxi and Saccharomyces cerevisiae found that the relative content of small molecule metabolites in the test group is significantly higher than that in the control group. Jinhongchun et al. Studied the changes of nutritional components of cotton meal before and after solid-state fermentation by Bacillus. It was found that crude protein increased by 6.99%, amylase activity increased by 766u/g, and lipase activity increased by 299u/g, which were significantly higher than those of the control group. The content of gossypol in the fermented cottonseed meal produced by Liu Zhen and others using microbial fermentation method is reduced to less than 0.02% (the national standard is 0.04%), and the crude protein is degraded into polypeptides and amino acids that are conducive to animal absorption. The layers are fed with fermented cottonseed meal instead of soybean meal. When the addition amount reaches 9% - 12%, it has no negative impact on the health status of layers, will not affect the production performance of layers, and the feeding cost is greatly reduced; Wei Zun and others selected Hailan Brown healthy layers for the experiment. Under the condition that the nutrition level of the basic diet of the experimental group was basically the same as that of the control group, 5%, 10% and 15% cotton meal fermented feed were added respectively to replace soybean meal. The results showed that the egg production rate, average egg weight, egg production, feed egg ratio and feed intake of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group, and the eggs did not reach a significant level of difference. The diarrhea rate and dead Amoy rate of the experimental group were not significantly different from those of the control group, Using fermented cottonseed meal instead of soybean meal in layer diet can improve feed utilization and economic benefits, and the best effect is to add 10%. Guan Hongmin, et al. Selected Du Changda ternary hybrid conservation pigs, growth pigs and finishing pigs to study the effect of fermented cottonseed meal on their growth performance and health status. The conservation pigs, growth pigs and finishing pigs in the control group were fed with the basic diet at the corresponding stage, and the conservation pigs, growth pigs and finishing pigs in the experimental group were fed with 2%, 6% and 9% fermented cottonseed meal instead of the soybean meal in the basic diet, respectively. The results showed that, The final weight of the piglets increased significantly by 1.63kg, the daily gain increased significantly by 44.29g, the feed weight ratio decreased significantly by 4.94%, the diarrhea frequency decreased by 6.9%, the incidence rate decreased by 11.3%, and the mortality decreased by 3.1%; The final weight of growing pigs was significantly increased by 3.31kg, the daily gain was significantly increased by 62.04g, the feed weight ratio was significantly reduced by 5.99%, the diarrhea rate was reduced by 4.5%, the incidence rate was reduced by 5.9%, and the mortality was reduced by 1.8%; The final weight of finishing pigs was significantly increased by 3.37kg, the daily gain was significantly increased by 80.21g, the feed weight ratio was significantly reduced by 4.73%, the diarrhea rate was reduced by 1.5%, the incidence rate was reduced by 2.0%, and the mortality was reduced by 1.7%. Fermented rapeseed meal: China is the world's largest producer of rapeseed and the country with the largest output of rapeseed. Rapeseed meal is a product obtained from rapeseed as raw material after pressing and leaching. Its crude protein content is 35% - 45%, and its palatability is poor. It contains many anti nutritional factors and toxic and harmful substances, such as tannin, phytic acid, erucic acid, etc., which limits its application in animal diets. Wu Mingwen and others used fermented rapeseed meal instead of some soybean meal in the feed to study the impact on the production performance of piglets. It was found that fermented rapeseed meal can replace some soybean meal in the feed and be added to the feed for piglets to eat, which can increase the daily gain of piglets by 4.35% - 13.04%, and reduce the feed meat ratio by 10.53% - 13. 15%, reducing the diarrhea rate of piglets. Wang Sashuang and other researchers believe that rapeseed meal can effectively remove anti nutritional factors after microbial fermentation, and the amount of fermented rapeseed meal instead of soybean meal should not be higher than 8%, which can achieve good results. Fermented peanut meal: peanut is widely distributed in China, mainly produced in Henan, Shandong, Hebei and other places. Peanut meal is the product of peanut kernel after pressing and extracting oil. It is rich in plant protein, the content of crude protein is close to soybean meal, the taste is good, the amino acid composition is poor, the content of arginine is high, and the content of other amino acids is low. It is easy to infect Aspergillus flavus to produce toxins, which limits its use in livestock and poultry feed, Xie Youzhi et al. Used fermented peanut meal to replace part of soybean meal in the diet of ternary hybrid growing pigs. The results showed that the production performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs could be improved after single soybean meal was adjusted to soybean meal and fermented peanut meal. Compared with the control group, the daily gain of the experimental group was significantly increased by 78%, the feed weight ratio was significantly reduced by 81%, the digestibility of crude protein was significantly increased by 216%, and the digestibility of calcium and phosphorus were increased by 425% and 600% respectively. 3. Single cell protein feed can be developed by increasing the land availability of feed resources, making full use of existing local resources and turning waste into treasure, which can not only realize the resource utilization of local advantageous resources, but also alleviate the shortage of feed resources. Production of protein feed by plant fermentation: Broussonetia papyrifera, as a new raw material of protein feed, has the characteristics of rich nutrition, high biological value of protein and good feeding effect. Zhang Xiujiang and others produced protein feed by solid-state fermentation of Broussonetia papyrifera with Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Crude protein increased by 35.23% and acid soluble protein increased by 70.88%. Yang Liuyan and others used Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis to ferment the aquatic plant bitter grass. The content of crude protein in the product reached 39.88%, and the increase rate of crude protein was 84.2%, making it a source of protein feed for fish, livestock and poultry. Microbial fermentation straw feed: our country is rich in crop straw resources. We use the local advantageous resources crop straw resources to produce protein feed, convert straw fiber into protein feed with high nutritional value, turn waste into treasure, and solve the shortage of animal feed demand. By using mixed microbial co fermentation technology, we can open up a new way for the utilization of corn straw and add a new resource for the development of protein feed. Yang Lianyu and others fermented corn straw with compound fungi can increase the crude protein content of corn straw feed, and the crude fiber content decreased significantly. Zhang Weixin et al. Used three strains of Trichoderma viride, Geotrichum candidum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to ferment 50% of corn straw powder and 50% of bran, and the content of crude protein reached 28%. Among them, there were complete types of amino acids, and the content of crude fiber decreased by 57.6%. Using agricultural and sideline products to produce protein feed: with the development of agricultural product processing industry, the processing by-products of agricultural and sideline products have increased significantly, and failure to use them in a timely and effective manner will also cause a waste of resources. Zhao Caiyan and others use yeast as the fermentation strain to produce single-cell protein feed with 75% corn flour and 21% bran as the main raw materials, and the crude protein content is 20.56%; Other unconventional agricultural by-products such as lees, sweet potato residue, tofu residue and so on create a feed formula system with Chinese characteristics. China is a major potato producer. Potato residue is a by-product of potato starch production and processing. Its protein content is low, crude fiber content is high, palatability is poor, and feed quality is low. The crude protein of potato residue fermented by Aspergillus niger and beer yeast reaches 41.72%, which is 78.69% higher than that of the control group, The protease activity and cellulase activity were increased, and the crude fiber content was reduced by 31.96%. Using the residue of fruit waste to produce protein feed: Candida utilis and Trichoderma viride such as Chen Jianmei are the dominant strains, and pineapple peel residue is the raw material to produce high-quality high cell protein feed. Seabuckthorn fruit residue is the by-product of seabuckthorn fruit crushing, which is rich in vitamins and a variety of active substances. Zhang Qiang and others use seabuckthorn fruit residue as the raw material to produce protein feed by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis, and the crude protein content after drying is 23. 5%, with strong mellow fragrance. 4. Animal fermented protein feed fermented feather powder: feather powder is a high protein feed raw material, and the crude protein content is as high as 80%, but most of it cannot be used and absorbed by animals. Developing and utilizing the insoluble protein in feather powder to alleviate the shortage of protein feed resources in China is also an important way. Feather powder protein is difficult to degrade and processed by high-temperature cooking, expansion, etc, Some scholars also studied the treatment of feather powder by microbial fermentation. Zhang Xin screened the bacterial strains that fermented feather powder and screened out the high-yield strains that produced keratinase activity; Yang Ting et al. Studied the technology of degrading feather to produce feed protein by mixed bacteria solid-state fermentation. 5. Conclusion with the increasing emphasis on environmental pollution and food safety, the promotion of breeding without resistance and prohibition of resistance, the increasing development of modern microbial fermentation technology and Bioengineering, microbial fermented protein feed has a broader development prospect. Microbial fermented protein feed has a variety of functions, which can not only reduce feed costs and breeding costs, but also adjust the balance of animal intestinal flora and improve feed utilization, Improve animal production performance and enhance immunity< br/>